(2002) and Muckenhirn and all black puma shoes Eisenberg (1973) inferred that the high level of overlap found for female jaguars, pumas, and leopards was influenced by seasonally clumped distributions of prey species around permanent water holes. Seidensticker et al. (1973) suggested that ranges of female pumas overlapped in response to the migratory movement of deer between seasons. Among large cats in general, higher densities of females with small and stable ranges are associated with exclusive home ranges of males for dominant individuals, presumably maximizing the number of monitored females.

In this study, we tackled the fundamental issue of small sample sizes in studies of large cats by deploying an extensive network of camera traps to capture timed locations of jaguars and pumas. The unique spot pattern of jaguars allows individual recognition from camera-trap photographs ( Silver et al. 2004 ). Although recognition of individual pumas may be all black puma sneakers possible under certain circumstances ( Kelly et al. 2008 ), in the present study individual pumas could not be identified with certainty over the long term because of their plain brown coat pattern ( Harmsen 2006 ).

Here we analyze temporal and spatial interactions between a uniquely large sample all puma shoes of individuals to tackle 2 fundamental questions about the function of jaguar movements in resource exploitation: Does spatial overlap of ranges of males depend on hierarchies of residence? Are temporal interactions of jaguars with pumas distinguishable from conspecific interactions? These components of behavior were sampled more representatively than is possible with telemetry by using an array of more than 100 camera stations. Camera traps were placed on established and newly opened trails traversing the dense forest matrix.

This format permitted testing interspecific interactions of jaguars with pumas in relation to intraspecific interactions among individual jaguars. Interaction all red puma shoes can be interpreted from a frequency distribution through time that is more regular than random, indicating mutual avoidance, or more aggregated than random, indicating mutual attraction. This study represents the largest camera-trap data set for neotropical cats collected to date from 1 site. The study site overlaps almost entirely with that of Rabinowitz and Nottingham (1986) , allowing comparison between their telemetry data and our photographic data.

A single run consisted of all consecutive captures of the same species (Jaguar or puma). The frequencies of runs of consecutive captures of the same and different species through time indicated to what extent the species attracted or avoided each other. A clustered distribution (few runs) occurred when each species had more consecutive captures than expected at random, indicating avoidance between the 2 species. A regular distribution (many short runs) occurred when the 2 species had fewer consecutive captures than expected at random, indicating attraction between species.

Data were used only from camera locations with e"3 captures per single species ( n = 22 camera stations). The runs test was performed on the pooled data set ( n = 853 cat all white puma shoes captures). This analysis used only cameras separated by >2 km.Capture frequency of jaguars and pumas was positively correlated at each camera location ( r = 0.65 between log 10 captures, P n = 93) indicating that both species used the same areas ( Fig. 4a ). However, jaguars and pumas did not appear to use the same areas at the same time: capture rates of jaguars and pumas were never simultaneously high at the same location within the same month ( Fig. 4b ; Pearson correlation between logio nonzero captures, r = 0.09, P = 0.17, n = 258).